![]() Immigrants who don’t speak English, are less acculturated, nonwhite, and lower socioeconomic status (SES), are apt to face the same kinds of biases as their nonimmigrant neighbors who are also nonwhite and lower SES (Lee, Bell & Ackerman-Brimberg, 2015), with the added possible burdens of language issues, documentation status and anti-immigrant sentiment. Given the great diversity among immigrant families, it is difficult to make assertions about their corporal punishment practices and even the challenges they face if they get caught up in the child protective services system. ![]() While not evenly distributed throughout the U.S., immigrant families reside not only in cities but also in rural and suburban areas where work and housing are available (Schaefer & Mattingly, 2016). population has either emigrated from another country, or has at least one parent who has done so (Brown & Stepler, 2016). population was foreign-born, with another 11.9 percent of the population having at least one immigrant parent - thus about one quarter of the U.S. ![]() vary by race, language, religion, education, income prior to and after immigration, family composition, immigration status and a host of other factors.
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